Motor operated valve



Feb. 7, 1939. c. G. KRONMILLER 2,146,681

MOTOR OPERATED VALV E Filed April 12, 3.935 2 Sheets-Sheet l earl G. jfJ onlm'llen BY HAS A TTORNC'Y Feb. 7,1939. c. s. KRONMILLER I 2,146,681

MOTOR OPERATED VALVE IO! 10/ I02 I l 2 //YVE;NTOR 01 1 6.))r0nmzllep BY 21/5 ATTORNEY Patented Feb. 7, 1939 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE MOTOR OPERATED VALVE Carl G. Kronmlller, Minneapolis, Minn., asslgnor to Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company. Minneapolis, Minn., a corporation oi Delaware Application April 12, 1935, Serial No. 15,965

18 Claims.

It is an object of this invention to provide a' motor operated valve of novel construction that is compact in form requiring little space, that is so arranged that the parts are freely accessible and that is efiicient in operation.

Another object is to provide a valve mechanism of the class described where over-travel of the valve operating mechanism is effectively eliminated.

Still another object is to provide a novel strain release construction between the valve and the valve operator whereby distortion or breakage of the parts is prevented.

A further object is to provide a novel connection between the valve proper and the valve operator.

A further object is to provide an enclosure for the valve operator, having openings therein whereby manual operation of the valve is permitted and whereby visual indications of the positlon of the valve may be obtained.

Still another object is to provide a novel enclosure securing means whereby the enclosure is maintained over the valve operating mechanism to prevent uninstructed tampering therewith.

Other objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying specification, claims and drawings in which drawings:

Fig. 1 is a vertical sectional view through the structure of my invention.

Fig. 2 is an elevational view taken along the line 2--2 of Fig. 1 with parts broken away for clearer illustration of the structure.

Fig. 3 is a vertical sectional view taken substantially on the line 33 of Fig. 1.

Fig. 4.is a vertical sectional view taken substantially on the line 44 of Fig. 1.

Fig. 5 is a horizontal sectional view taken along the lines 55 of Fig. 1.

Fig. 6 is a detailed view of a element utilized in my invention.

Fig. '7 is a sechematic wiring diagram showing the operation of the motor operated valve 01' this invention along with a dual control for operating another motor operated valve.

Referring now to Fig. 1, a valve casing is designated at H). The valve casing I0 is provided with a transverse partition II which divides the valve casing l0 into an outlet chamber I2 and an inlet chamber 13. Fluid is taken from the outlet portion of an chamber l2 and supplied to a radiator (not shown) by means of a flanged nipple [4 which is secured to the valve casing ill in a fluid tight manner by a union nut 15. Fluid is supplied to the inlet chamber 13 of the valve casing l0- 'ber 2|.

The abutment member 2| is provided at its upper extremity with an abutment 23 which is adapted to engage an abutment 24 located in the lower extremity of a valve stem 25. These abutments 23 and 24 are so arrangedthat a. lost mo d tion is present between these members so that a slight relative movement between the valve stem 25 and abutment memebr 2| is permitted. Encircling the valve stem 25 is a sleeve 26 which abuts against a cross-head 21. .The cross-head 21 is retained on the valve stem 25 by means of a cup washer 28 and a split-lock ring 29 located in an annular groove in the valve stem 25. A spring 30 extends between the abutment member 2| and the sleeve 26 to resiliently hold the parts in their relative positions. The spring 36 holds the sleeve 26 against the cross-head 21 and thereby holds the cross-head 21 against the lock ring 29. The spring also normally tends to extend the lost motion connection between the valve stem 25 and the abutment member 2i.

A coupling 3| is screw-threaded on the valve casing I0. Located on the upper surface of the coupling 3| is a guide member 32 for the sleeve and a cross-head guide 34 for the cross-head 21. The guide 32 and the cross-head guide 34 are clamped to the coupling 3| by means of a band 35 having flanges 36 through which extend a screw and nut arrangement which tensions the band 35. In this 'manner, the cross-head guide 34 and the sleeve guide 32 are rigidly secured to the her 21 in a fluid tight manner is a bellows 40 which seals the valve chamber I2 from communication with the surrounding atmosphere.

A motor base 4| is secured to the cross-head guide 34 by means of rivets 42. Extending upwardly from the motor base 4| are spaced parallel plates 43 and 44. These plates are secured to the motor base 4| by means of screws 45. The plates 43 and 44 are held in spaced relation by means of v spacers 46 and the nut and screw arrangements 41.

Located on the outer face of the plate 43 by means of spacers 49 and screws 58 is a motor 48. The motor shaft extends through the plate 43 and has a motor pinion 5| located on the inner end thereof. The motor pinion 5| is in driving engagement with a fibre gear 52. Mounted for rotation with the fibre gear 52 isa pinion 53 which engages a gear 54. The gear 54 rotates a pinion 55 which engages a gear 56. The gear 56 drives the pinion 51 which in turn drives the gear 58. A pinion 59 rotates with the gear 58 and drives a gear 68. All the gears and pinions are suitably mounted on shafts extending between the two plates 43 and 44. The gear 88, however, is mounted on a drive shaft 6| which extends through the plates 43 and 44 and is provided at its extremities with crank discs 62.

Pitmans 64 are secured to the crank discs 62 by means of screws 63. The pitmans 64 extend downwardly through openings 68 in the motor base 4| and connect to the cross-head 21 in novel manner. Referring to Fig. 6, it is seen that the lower extremities of the pitmans 64 are provided with arcuate openings 65. These arcuate openings 65 are adapted to receive arcuate extensions 66 of the cross-head 21. Displacement of the pitmans 64 with respect to the extensions 66 of the crosshead 21 is prevented by means of cotter pins 61 extending through the extensions 66. By reason of this novel connection between the cross-head and the pitmans, a large bearing surface is afforded to prevent excessive wear of the parts and which affords an inexpensive mode of manufacture.

Secured to the upper ends of the spaced plates 43 and 44 by means of screws H is a panel board 18 made of insulating material. Secured to the outer surface of-the plate 44 by means of nut and screw arrangements 13 are spaced panels 12 also made of insulating material. The spaced panels 12 carry spaced contact members 14 and 15 which are adapted to be alternately engaged by a contact arm 16. The contact arm 16 is mounted on a bracket 11 which is pivoted to the spaced panels 12 by means of a pivot 18. The bracket 11 is also provided with a cam follower 19 which is adapted to engage the periphery of cam 88, mounted on the drive shaft 6| inany suitable manner. The cam follower 19 is maintained in engagement with the cam 88 by means of a spring 8| wound about the pivot 18 and secured to a bracket 82 extending between the spaced panels 12. When the high dwell of the cam 88 engages the cam follower 19, the contact arm 16 is held in engagement with the contact 15 and when the cam follower 19 rides off of the high dwell of the cam 88, the contact arm 16 is moved into engagement with the contact 14 by means of the spring 8|.

Located on the panel 18 are contact members 83 and 84 which are adapted to be alternately engaged by a contact arm 85 which in turn is secured to the panel board 18 by means of a rivet 86. The contact arm 85 engages a cam 81. When the high dwell of the cam engages the contact arm 85, the contact arm is brought into engagement with the upper contact 84 and when the low dwell of the cam 81 engages the contact arm 85, the contact arm 85 is moved into engagement with the contact 83. This construction is clearly shown in Fig. 3.

Referring to Fig. 4, a contact member 88 is secured to the panel board 18 and a contact arm 89 is also secured to the panel board 18 by means of a rivet 98. The contact arm 89 engages a cam 9| having two high dwells which break contact between the contact 88 and the contact arm 89. A member 92 engages the contact arms 89 and 85 to maintain the same against the periphery of the cams 9| and 81. This member 92 also acts as a conductor between the contact arms 85 and 89.

Referring now to Fig. 7, a condition responsive device 95 which may take the form of a room thermostat is mounted on a post 96. The thermostat is adapted to engage contacts 91 or 98. Line wires 99 and I88 lead from some supply of power not shown and connected across these line wires 99and I88 is a primary I8I of a stepdown transformer I82. The transformer I82 is provided with a secondary I83.

The panel board 18 is provided with five binding posts I84, I85, I86, I81 and I88. One end of the secondary I83 of the transformer I82 is connected by means of a wire I89 to the binding post I84. The binding post I84 is in turn connected by means of a wire M8 to the field III of the motor 48. The field III is in turn connected by means of a wire II2 to the rivet 98. The other end of the secondary I83 of the transformer I82 is connected by means of a wire II3 to the binding post I85 which is in turn connected by means of a wire II4 to the binding post I86. The binding post 96 of the thermostat 95 is also connected by means of a wire II5 to the binding post I86. Contact 91 of the thermostat 95 is connected by a wire I I 6 to the binding post I88 and the contact 98 is connected by means of a wire II1 to the binding post I81. The binding post I81 is con nected by means of a wire II8 to the contact 84, the binding post I88 is connected by means of a wire M9 to the contact 83 and the binding post I86 is connected by means of a wire I28 to the contact 88.

With the parts in the position shown in Fig. '1, assume that the valve is closed and that a decrease in temperatures moves the thermostat 95 into engagement with the contact 91. A circuit is completed by such movement from the secondary I83 of the transformer I82 through wire I89, wire II8, field III, wire |I2, conductor 92, contact arm 85, contact 83,- wire II9, wire II6, contact 91, thermostat 95, binding post 96, wire I I5, wire I I4, and wire I I3 back to the secondary I83. This starts rotation of the motor 48 and movement of the valve I9 towards open position through the gear train contained between the two plates 43 and 44. After this first initial movement, one of the high dwells of the cam 9| is moved out of engagement with the contact arm 89 to complete a holding circuit from the secondary I83 through wire I89, wire II8, field III, wire II2, contact arm 89, contact 88, wire I28, wire H4 and wire II3 back to the secondary I83. This maintaining circuit will remain completed until the otherhigh dwell of the cam 9| breaks contact between the contact 88 and the contact arm 89. By the time this contact is broken, the valve I9 is moved to its complete open position. Also, at this time, the cam 81 is moved through to move the contact arm 85 into engagement with the contact 84 to position the circuit for closing movement of the valve.

When the temperature rises above a predetermined value, the thermostat 95 is moved into engagement with the contact 98 to complete a circuit from the secondary I03 of the transformer I02 through wire I09, wire IIO, field III, wire I12, conductor 92, contact arm 85, contact 84, wire I I8, wire In, contact 98, thermostat, 95, wire II5, wire H4 and wire II3 back to the secondary I03 to start the valve towards its closed position. After the valve has been started towards its closed position in the above described manner, the high dwell of the cam 9I is moved out of engagement with the contact arm 89 to make contact between the contact arm 89 and the contact 88 to complete a holding circuit from the secondary I03 through, wire I09, wire IIO, field III, wire II2, contactarm 89, contact 88, wire I20, wire H4 and wire II3 back to the secondary. This holding circuit remains completed until the valve I9 has been moved to the closed position as shown in Fig. 1. When the valve is so moved to closed position, the cam 9| moves the contact arm 89 out of engagement ,With the contact 88 to break the above described maintaining circuit to stop operation of the motor. When the motor stops, the

. contact arm 85 is in engagement with the contact 83 to position the circuit for opening movement.

The drive shaft 6| drives the cam 80 to move the contact arm 16 into engagement with either contacts I4 or 15. Contacts I4 and 15 correspond with contacts 91 and 98, respectively, of the thermostat 95 and the operation of the motor shown at the left of Fig. '7 is identical with that shown at the right. Like reference characters have been primed and used in the left hand portion of Fig. 7. Since the cam 80 is driven by the drive shaft 5| and since the cam 80 controls the left hand valve in Fig. 7, the left hand valve will follow the operation of the right hand valve. As is noted, cam 80 is off-set at an angle with respect to the cams 81 and 9|. The reason for this is to decrease the time lag required to operate the second valve with respect to the first valve.

The lost motion connection provided by the abutments 23 and 24 (Fig. 1) and the spring v means 30 which normally maintains this lost motion extended provide a strain release connection between the motor 48 and the valve I9 so that complete rotation of the motor 48 is permitted without any binding action which might be caused by the valve I9 engaging its seat I8 before the drive shaft 6| has rotated through Referring to Fig. 5, the shaft I22 which carries the gear 52 and the pinion 53 is provided with a shoulder I2I. Loosely mounted on the shaft I22 and in engagement with the shoulder I2I is a friction collar I23. The collar I23 is provided with flattened portions I24 which are adapted to be engaged by the bifurcated'end of a leaf spring I25 which is secured to the plate 44 by means of, a screw I28. The leaf spring I25 maintains the collar I23 in frictional engagement with the shoulder I2I. The bifurcated end of the leaf 'spring I25 co-acts with the flattened surfaces I24 to prevent rotation of the collar I23. By reason of this construction, a retarding or braking force is applied to the gear train. I The amount of retarding force may be adjusted by manipulating the screw I26 which varies the force of the leaf spring I25. This retarding force is not suflicient to hinder the operation of the motor 48 but it is suflicient to overcome the inertia of the motor and the gear train to prevent rotation of the motor and the gear train after the motor has been 'deenergized. By reason of this friction structure, over-travel of the motor beyond its extreme positions is entirely prevented.

The shaft which supports the pinion 51 and the gear 58 is extended outwardly beyond the plate 44 as shown at I21. This extension I2'l is provided with a longitudinally extending hexagonal opening for receiving an Allen wrench. By inserting the Allen wrench in this hexagonal opening I28, the gear train and the motor, and consequently the valve, may be rotated to manually position the valve in any position desired.

Mounted on the motor base M as shown in Fig. 2 is a conduit fixture I30 through which the wiring for automatically operating the valve may be led.

The operating structure above described may be enclosed by means of a cover I3I. A downwardly extending strip I32 is riveted to the cover I3I by means of rivets I33 and extends through an openingl34 in the motor base 4I formed by the punching out of a lip I35. The downwardly extending lip I35 is provided with a screwthreaded opening adapted to receive a screw I38, having a tapered head I3'I. The tapered head I31 is adapted to engage in an opening in the downwardly extending strip I32. The tapered head I3! is provided with a hexagonal opening adapted to receive an Allen wrench. The motor base M is provided with an opening I38 through which the Allen wrench may be extended to move the tapered head I3I into and out of engagement with the opening in the downwardly extending strip I32. This forms an effective means for locking the cover I3I in place to prevent uninstructed tampering with the valve mechanism. The cover I3I is provided with an opening I39 through which the Allen wrench for manually operating the valve may be extended so that the valve may be manually operated without removing the cover.

The cover I3I is also provided with an elongated opening I40 (Fig. 2) which is adapted to cooperate with indicia illustrated as. open? and closed located on one of the pitmans 64 to give a visual indication of the position of the valve I9.

From the above, it is seen that I have prov1ded a motor operated valve of novel construction, that is compact in form requiring little space, that is so arranged that the parts are geely accessible and that is eflicient in opera- Although I have disclosed one embodiment of this invention, I do not wish to be limited by this an particular showing.

valve stem, an abutment on said valve stem, a 0

cross-head mounted on the valve stem, means for operating the cross-head, a sleeve encircling the valve stem and engaging the cross-head,

and a spring between the sleeve and the valve to extend the lost motion connection and urge I the cross-head into engagement with the abutment.

2. In a device ofthe class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a crosshead mounted on the valve stem, supporting means mounted on the valve casing including spaced upright plates, motor means mounted on the exterior of one of the plates, gear reducing means mounted between the plates, a shaft driven by said gear reducing means and extending outwardly of said plates, and motion transmitting means connected between the shaft and the cross-head and located exteriorly of said plates.

3. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a crosshead mounted on the valve stem, supporting means mounted on the valve casing including spaced upright plates, motor means mounted on the exterior of one of the plates, gear reducing means ,mounted between the plates, a shaft driven by said gear reducing means and extending outwardly of said plates, motion transmitting means connected between the shaft and the cross-head and located exteriorly of said plates, 9. lost motion connection between the valve and the valve stem, and resilient means to extend the lost motion connection to provide a strain release connection between the motor means and the valve.

4. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a cross head mounted on the valve stem supporting means mounted on the valve casing including spaced upright plates, motor means mounted on the exterior of one of the plates, gear reducing means mounted between the plates, a shaft driven by said gear reducing means and extending outwardly of said plates, motion transmitting means connected between the shaft and the cr0ss-head and located exteriorly of said plates, a lost motion connection between the valve and the valve stem, resilient means to extend the lost motion connection to provide a strain release connection between the motor means and the valve, a cover enclosing the movable parts, and means for securing the cover to the supporting means.

5. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a cross-head mounted on the valve stem, supporting means mounted on the valve casing including spaced upright. plates, motor means mounted on the exterior of one of the plates, gear reducing means mounted between the plates, a shaft. driven by said gear reducing means and extending outwardly of said plates, motion transmitting means connected between the shaft and the cross-head and located exteriorly of said plates, 2. lost motion connection between the valve and the valve stem, resilient means to extend the lost motion connection to provide a strain release connection between the motor means and the valve, a cover enclosing the movable parts, an opening in said cover, and indicia on the motion transmitting means cooperable with the opening to visually indicate the position of the valve,

6. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, .a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a cross-head mounted on the valve stem, supporting means mounted on the valve casing including spaced upright plates, motor means mounted on the exterior of one of the plates, gear reducing means mounted between the plates, a shaft driven by said gear reducing means and extending outwardly of said plates, motion transmitting means connected between the shaft and the cross-head and located exteriorly of said plates, a lost motion connection between the valve and the valve stem, resilient means to extend the lost motion connection to provide a strain release connectionbetween the motor means and the valve, a shaft included in the gear reduction extending outwardly of one of the plates, a cover enclosing the movable parts, and an opening in the cover to permit manipulation of the extended shaft to manually position the valve.

7. In a device of the class described, a motor, an actuator shaft, gear reduction means between ,the motor and the actuator shaft, means driven by the actuator shaft to complete a function, supporting means for the motor, shaft and gear reduction means, said gear reduction means including a shaft, a shoulder on the shaft, a collar on said shaft in engagement. with said shoulder,

spring means secured to the supporting means.

and non-rotatably engaging the collar and effective to prevent rotation of the collar and to cause the collar to frictionally engage the'shoulder whereby overtravel of the device is prevented upon deenergization of the motor, and means for adjusting the spring to alter the frictional force.

8. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable in the casing, a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a cross-head mounted on the valve stem, a cross head guide mounted on the valve casing for guiding the cross-head, a support carried by the cross-head guide, spaced parallelplates carried by the support, motor means mounted on the exterior of one of the plates, gear reducing means mounted between the plates, a shaft driven by the gear reducing means and extending outwardly of the plates, cranks carried by the shaft, pitmans connecting the cranks with the cross-head,

a lost motion connection between the valve stem.

and the valve, a resilient means to extend the lost motion connection to provide a strain release, means to energize the motor means to open or close the valve, friction means in the gear reducing means to prevent overtravel of the device upon deenergization of the motor, a cover enclosing the moving parts, means securing the cover to the support, openings in the cover, and indicia on one of the pitmans cooperable with one of the openings to visually indicate the position of the valve, said other opening permitting manual manipulation of the gear reducing means to manually position the valve.

9. In a device of the class described, a motor,

an actuator shaft, gear reduction means between the motor and the actuator shaft, means driven by the actuator shaft to complete a function, supporting means for the motor, shaft and gear reduction means, gear reduction means including a shaft, a shoulder on the shaft, a collar on said shaft in engagement with said shoulder, a leaf spring rigidly secured at one end to said support, and a nonrotatable connection between the other end of said leaf spring and said collar, said spring being effective both to prevent rotation of said collar and to cause the collar to frictionally engage the shoulder whereby overtravel of the devide is prevented upon deenergization of the motor.

10. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a crosshead slidably mounted on the valve stem, a cross-head guide mounted on the valve casing for guiding the cross-head, power means supported by the cross-head 'guide, a crank-shaft driven by the power means, a pitman between the crank-shaft and the cross-head, and resilient means between the cross-head and the valve to provide a strain release connection between the power means and the valve.

11. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a crosshead slidably mounted on the valve stem and extending transversely thereof, power means supported by the valve casing, a crank-shaft driven by said power means, a pair of pitman connections between the crank-shaft and the crosshead, said pitmans being pivot-ally secured to the opposite extremities of said cross-head, and resilient means between the cross-head and the valve to provide a strain release connection between the power means and the valve.

12. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a crosshead yieldably mounted on the valve stem and extending transversely thereof, a support secured to said valve casing, power operated actuating mechanism secured to said support, a crank-shaft driven by said power means, and a pair of pitman arms between said crank-shaft and the opposite ends of said cross-head, one on each side of said actuating mechanism.

13. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a crosshead mounted on the valve stem and extendin transversely thereof, a support secured to said valve casing, power operated actuating mechanism secured to said support, a crank-shaft driven by said power means, and a pair of pitman arms between said crank-shaft and the opposite ends of said cross-head one on each side of said actuating mechanism, said pitman arms being formed of sheet material having arcuate slots cut in one end thereof and said crosshead being formed of sheet material with the outer ends thereof curved to form arcuate portions extending into and movable within said Z arcuate slots.

14. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, a valve stem extending outwardly from said casing, a crosshead mounted on the valve stem, a support secured to said casing and having a downwardly extending flange surrounding said cross-head, actuating means carried by said support, connecting means between said actuating means and said cross-head, a cover enclosing said actuating means and connecting means, and locking means for releasably locking said cover to said support, said locking means being located within the annular space defined by said downwardly extending flange so as to be relatively inaccessible, said flange having an opening therein adjacent said means.

15.,In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a crosshead mounted on the valve stem. actuating mechanism for said valve, motion transmitting members extending between said actuating mechanism and the opposite ends of said crosshead and located exteriorly of said actuating mechanism, a cover enclosing the actuating 5 mechanism and motion transmitting mechanism, said cover having an opening adjacent one of said motion transmitting members, and indicia on said one motion'transmitting member cooperable with the opening to visually indicate the 10 position of the valve.

16. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, power operated actuating mechanism for said valve, connecting means between said actuating means, and said 15 valve including a reciprocable motion transmitting member extending exteriorly of said actuating mechanism, a cover enclosing the actuating mechanism and connecting means, said cover having an opening adjacent said motion go transmitting member, indicia on said motion transmitting member cooperable with the opening to visually indicate the position of the valve, and means on the same side of said cover as said'opening to open said valve manually in the 5 event of power failure.

' 17. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, a valve stem extending outwardly from the casing, a crosshead mounted on the valve stem and extendin so transversely thereof, power operated actuating mechanism for said valve, motion transmitting members extending between said actuating mechanism and the opposite ends of said crosshead and located exteriorly of said actuating 3g mechanism, a cover enclosing said actuating mechanism and said motion transmitting mechanism, said cover having an opening adjacent one of said motion transmitting members, indicia on said one motion transmitting member 40 cooperable with said opening to visually indicate the position of the valve, said cover havi a second opening adjacent said first opening v adapted to permit insertion of a key member. therethrough, and means within said cover cooperable with said key member when the latter is inserted to actuate the valve in event of power failure, said second opening being upon the same side of the cover as said first opening to visually indicate to the operator the position of the valve. Y r 18. In a device of the class described, a valve casing, a valve operable therein, power operated actuating mechanism for said valve, connecting" means between said actuating means and said valve including a reciprocable motion transmitting member extending exteriorly of said actuating mechanism, a cover enclosing the actuating mechanism and connecting means, said cover having an opening adjacent said motion transmitting member, indicia on said motion transmitting member cooperable with the opening to visually indicate the position of the a valve, said cover having a second opening adjacent said first opening adapted to permit insertion of a key member therethrough, and means within said cover cooperable with said key member when the latter isfinserted to actuate the valve in event of power failure, said second CARL G. 

